Why take-home pay varies so much by state
Federal income tax, Social Security and Medicare are the same everywhere. The differences come from three state-level factors:
- State income tax. Nine states have none. Flat-tax states range from Arizona's 2.5% to Illinois' 4.95%. Progressive states like California, New York, Oregon and Hawaii take the most from higher earners.
- Mandatory payroll programs. California (1.3% SDI), New Jersey, New York, Washington, Oregon, Massachusetts, Colorado, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Minnesota and Maine take extra for disability, paid leave or long-term care.
- Local taxes. County taxes in Maryland and Indiana and city taxes in New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit and most Ohio cities can add 1–4%.
Figures assume a single filer with a standard 2026 W-4 and no pre-tax benefits. For your own situation, open the paycheck calculator for your state.